This addresses CWG 1636

Section 7.2 [dcl.enum], describes a calculation for determining the legal range of values that a variable of enumeration type can hold, and the minimum number of bits needed to hold a value of that type. That calculation is based on the smallest and largest literal values, emin and emax, and is wrong for certain cases. It currently says:

Otherwise, for an enumeration where emin is the smallest enumerator and emax is the largest, the values of the enumeration are the values in the range bmin to bmax, defined as follows: Let K be 1 for a two’s complement representation and 0 for a ones’ complement or sign-magnitude representation. bmax is the smallest value greater than or equal to max(|emin| − K, |emax|) and equal to 2**M − 1, where M is a non-negative integer. bmin is zero if emin is non-negative and −(bmax + K) otherwise. The size of the smallest bit-field large enough to hold all the values of the enumeration type is max(M, 1) if bmin is zero and M + 1 otherwise.

Here is an example where the Standard is wrong.

Suppose we have enum { N = -1, Z = 0 } on a 2's-complement machine. Following the standard's calculation steps above, we have
emin = -1, emax = 0, and K = 1, so
max(|emin| - K, |emax|) = max(|-1| - 1, |0|) = max(0, 0) = 0,
giving bmax = 0 == 2**M - 1, so M == 0.
Thus M + 1 == 1 bit is needed, and bmin = -(bmax + K) == -(0 + 1) == -1, so the range of legal values for the enumeration is [-1 .. 0]. Seems right.

On the other hand, suppose we have enum { N = -1 }. We expect the same results. 0 is always legal for an enumeration value, so the absence of a 0-valued literal should make no difference. But we do not get the same results. Here
emin = -1, emax = -1 and K = 1, so
max(|emin| − K, |emax|) == max(|-1| - 1, |-1|) == max(0, 1) == 1,
giving bmax = 1 == 2**M - 1, so now M == 1.
Thus M + 1 == 2 bits are needed, and bmin = -(bmax + K) == -(1 + 1) == -2, so the range of
legal values for the enumeration is [-2 .. 1]. This cannot possibly be correct. By removing a literal with value 0, we have gone from requiring 1 bit to 2, and have doubled the range of legal values!

My proposed fix is to replace |emax| with emax. With this change, the enum { N = -1 } case gives
emin = -1, emax = -1 and K = 1, so
max(|emin| − K, emax) == max(|-1| - 1, -1) == max(0, -1) == 0,
giving bmax = 0 == 2**M - 1, so M == 0 and all is well again. We match the enum { N = -1, Z = 0 } case.

We now want to explore what happens if we make this change. For many cases, nothing changes at all.

1. If emax >= 0, nothing changes since then emax == |emax|.
   Therefore in what follows, we take it that emin <= emax < 0.
2. On a 1's-complement system, K is defined to be 0, as per the Standard above.
   old: max(|emin| − K, |emax|) == max(|emin|, |emax|) == |emin|
   new: max(|emin| − K, emax) == max(|emin|, emax) == |emin|
   and again nothing changes.
   Therefore in what follows, we assume 2's-complement and have K defined to be 1.
3. Since emin <= emax < 0, we have
   max(|emin| − K, emax) == max(|emin| − 1, emax) == |emin| − 1
   If this value is to represent a change from the current standard, it must be that
   max(|emin| − K, |emax|) == max(|emin| − 1, |emax|) == |emax|
   otherwise both the old and new values would be the same. Therefore
   |emin| − 1 < |emax|, i.e., |emin| <= |emax|.
   With both negative, this inequality means emin >= emax. But we also have emin <= emax (from Add a GNU Makefile to simplify building the PDF #1), so this means that a change happens only for emin == emax.
   Therefore, in what follows, we assume that we are on a 2's-complement system dealing with an enumeration that has a single literal defined, whose value is a negative integer. Let's designate that value as -N. Then
   old: max(|emin| − K, |emax|) == max(N - 1, N) == N
   new: max(|emin| − K, emax) == max(N − 1, -N) == N - 1
   Now, the standard defines bmax to be the smallest value greater than or equal to this value that is of the form 2M - 1 where M >= 0. Therefore, the old and new calculations for bmax differ only when N - 1 is of the form 2M - 1, i.e., N is a power of 2.

So finally we see that the change affects only enumerations containing a single literal whose value is the negative of a power of 2, when on a 2's-complement system. (There may actually be multiple literals, but they must all have the same value.) For those enumerations, the change means that one fewer bit is needed.

Given that emin == emax == -N == -(2**M), the standard will now say that bmax == N - 1 and then bmin == -(bmax + K) == -N. M bits are sufficient for enumeration values of this type, with values in the range [-N .. N - 1].